Monday, July 16, 2018

"My Great-Grandfather, The Nigerian Slave-Trader"

Illustration by Angelica Alzona

(By Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani) - My parents’ home, in Umujieze, Nigeria, stands on a hilly plot that has been in our family for more than a hundred years. Traditionally, the Igbo people bury their dead among the living, and the ideal resting place for a man and his wives is on the premises of their home. My grandfather Erasmus, the first black manager of a Bata shoe factory in Aba, is buried under what is now the visitors’ living room. My grandmother Helen, who helped establish a local church, is buried near the study. My umbilical cord is buried on the grounds, as are those of my four siblings. My eldest brother, Nnamdi, was born while my parents were studying in England, in the early nineteen-seventies; my father, Chukwuma, preserved the dried umbilical cord and, eighteen months later, brought it home to bury it by the front gate. Down the hill, near the river, in an area now overrun by bush, is the grave of my most celebrated ancestor: my great-grandfather Nwaubani Ogogo Oriaku. Nwaubani Ogogo was a slave trader who gained power and wealth by selling other Africans across the Atlantic. “He was a renowned trader,” my father told me proudly. “He dealt in palm produce and human beings.”

Monday, June 25, 2018

Black Expressive Style: Deep, Direct, and Vivid

"I am the first and the last
I am the honored one and the scorned one
I am the whore and the holy one
I am the wife and the virgin
I am the barren one and many are my daughters. ...
I am the silence that you cannot understand. ...
I am the utterance of my name."
Julie Dash, 1991
Daughters of the Dust

Wednesday, June 20, 2018

Myths, Mythologies, and Modern Cultures


“The myths told by the [ancients] are as important as history for our understanding of what those peoples, ancestors of [modern] civilization, believed and thought and felt, and expressed in writing and in visual art.

The intelligible form of ancient poets,
The fair humanities of old religion,
The Power, the Beauty, and the Majesty,
That had their haunts in dale, or piny mountain,
Or forest by slow stream, or pebbly spring,
Or chasms and watery depths: all these have vanished.
They lived no longer in the faith of reason!
But still the heart doth need a language, still
Doth the old instinct bring back old names…

And so even communities professing that quite different code of beliefs which is Christianity have, after various struggles, found it impracticable to dispense with the classical stories. Today new political systems have fabricated their own myths which Coleridge, writing those lines under the Graeco-Roman spell, had never imagined. Yet twentieth-century writers, from tragic theatre to comic strip, have continued to employ the archetypes with renewed vigour. These dramatic, concrete, individual, insistently probing ancient myths still supplement the decisions of science as clues to much in the world that does not alter.

Monday, June 11, 2018

Ogbuide: The Lake Goddess of Oguta

"Ogbuide is the awesome water goddess of Oguta Lake located in Southeastern Nigeria. The goddess has multiple names and is also known as Uhammiri. A local divinity, Ogbuide is but one manifestation of the generic Igbo mother water goddess, Nne Mmiri....

The Igbo town of Oguta is located on a beautiful lake near the confluence of the rivers Niger and Urashi [or Urasi]. These waters are associated with divinities of the Igbo pantheon of multiple gods and goddesses. Oguta's lake goddess, Ogbuide, is the major reference point in the lives of the Oru-Igbo people of Oguta, Orsu-Obodo, and a host of other towns. This awesome goddess embodies the forces of nature that dominate life and death. Water is recognized as a divine power of dual faculties, both giving and destroying life. Locals worship the lake goddess Uhammiri together with her husband, the river god, Urashi, as a divine pair. These divinities existed before, until, and beyond the advent of Europeans, Christianity, and Islam. Recognizing the mother water goddess and her powers is altering our perception of and dealing with nature, power, and gender. ...

The water has emerged as the single most influential spiritual and existential force complementing the earth goddess Ani, or Ala, and the ancestral gods. ... Oru-Igbo culture and society, its economic foundations, and its major artistic expressions revolve around water, particularly the flooding and receding of the Rivers Niger and Urashi, and above all, Ogbuide, that is, Oguta Lake. This is evidenced in the local farming cycle, the timing and performance of the town's major Owu festivals, Agugu and Omerife, and other cultural activities, its underlying myths, religious beliefs, and customary rules. All of the indigenous deities and particularly the ever-present lake goddess are reflected in the people's daily conduct, their cosmogony, spirituality, aesthetics, and perception of the universe. The notion of the flexible, fluid female side balances the more static plane of the earth and male ancestral traditions."
Sabine Jell-Bahlsen, 2007: 1-2
The Water Goddess in Igbo Cosmology: Ogbuide of Oguta Lake

The Sacred Earth Among the Igbo

Photo credit: Herbert Cole
"In some African cultures, the Earth Mother is a divinity. The Earth differs from other nature spirits, being a chthonic force rather than an anthropomorphic figure. Ala or Ana [or Ani] is of central importance in much of Igboland. Many crimes are seen as abominations because they offend her. The whole body of inherited custom is Omenala, and ritual prohibitions are nso Ala. Those who died forbidden deaths, such as suicides or lepers, could not be buried in the earth, and their corpses were cast into the Evil Forest. Missionaries were sometimes given such areas for their churches, as a trial. ... Nri, dedicated to the earth, was one of Igboland's great ritual centers. Ritual specialists from Nri, their faces marked by distinctive scars, traveled from village to village, purifying the earth from abominations. Instead of weapons, they carried a staff of peace.

In the Owerri area, people honored the Earth in a different way, by creating mbari houses, shrines of clay sculpture that were allowed to disintegrate. It was the act of creation itself that honored the Earth. One of Igboland's great oracles was called Igwekala (Heaven Is Greater Than Earth). But in 1966, when village elders debated whether the Earth or Chukwu was supreme, opinion was divided.

The cult of Ala, apparently so universal, illustrates the impossibility of making valid generalizations about the whole Igbo culture area. In the Okigwe area, Ajala (the local form of Ala) was less dominant; in one community, she was recently introduced, and she was often less dominant that the yam god. In a village group south of Owerri, Ala is thought of as male. Ala is clearly linked with the Nri ritual sphere, though her cult is found well beyond it."
Elizabeth Isichei, 2004: 232
The Religious Traditions of Africa: A History

Monday, May 07, 2018

Negotiating Orunmila: His Mask, His Wisdom

"A mask of Orunmila stared down at him from the wall, or at least the artist in Osogbo had said the large eyes belonged to the god of wisdom. His mother would have been horrified by the serene wooden face, angered even, by what she would dub apostasy.
     When he prayed, he prayed to Allah the most merciful. But what was he to do with all these gods and goddesses and spirits and ancestors that had peopled his village in Kwara before the first cleric arrived with a Koran? He did not worship Orunmila but he thought to himself, this wooden embodiment of wisdom hung on his wall."
Chibundu Onuzo, 2018: 145
Welcome to Lagos

Saturday, May 05, 2018

How to Become an Invisible Woman in Lagos


(By Sisi Lucia) - Do you want to become an invisible woman? I have found the perfect vanishing cream, immediately you slather in on your body, fiam, you just vanish.
So I live in an estate, every morning or evening I pass by the only gate in the estate. Depending on my mood, I either smile and greet, or just wave at security men at the gate. On Fridays or during any celebration say Christmas or Easter, they razzle me for ‘something for the boys’ and also depending on my mood, I give them ‘something’ or not. So you would think they know me, yes?
Well, they know me until they see me with a man and that’s it, the vanishing cream. Men are the vanishing cream. The presence of a man makes women invisible. The other day I took a cab home, they greeted the cab driver and totally ignored me. I wasn’t even expecting the greeting because I knew the presence of the cab driver has already made me evaporate. The cab driver had to ask me “did you just move here? Abi na new security?” I just smiled. It was not the first time. If my male friends are visiting, they do it and it is not as if the greeting adds any naira to my account, so shrug, right?

Tuesday, April 17, 2018

Africa, Communal Philosophy, and Outlier Thinkers

"The very idea of a communal philosophy that is entailed in the notion of particularistic studies of traditional African philosophies might be put in question. It might be suggested that to talk of the Bantu conception of this or the Zulu conception of that is to postulate a unanimity or consensus in philosophical belief among the traditional peoples for which there is not, and probably can never be, sufficient evidence. It is necessary, in response to this, to explain at once that talk of communal philosophy of an ethnic group does not necessarily imply  that the conceptions involved are entertained by all members of the group. What it means is that anybody thoughtfully knowledgeable about the culture will know that such conceptions are customary in the culture though s/he may not subscribe to it. The evidence for a communal philosophy is very much like that for the customs of a culture. In fact, in quite some cases, customs are encapsulations of some aspects of communal philosophy.
        It is important, however, to note that a communal philosophy is the result of the pooling together over a considerable length of time the thoughts of individual thinkers. Propositions about, say, the constituents of human personality or the nature of time just don't materialize impromptu out of a cosmological bang, big, small, or medium. They emanate from human brans. In an oral tradition the names of the thinkers are often forgotten. This is not always so, however. In Ghana, for example, it is not at all rare for a proverb to be prefaced with the name of its author. Nor is it unusual for such sayings to evince originality and independence of mind. It goes without saying, therefore, that a communal philosophy is a gathering together of inputs from thinkers who may not have agreed on all points. And this, perhaps, accounts for the apparent inconsistencies that one sometimes notices in such bodies of belief."
Kwasi Wiredu, 1998
"Toward Decolonizing African Philosophy and Religion"
African Studies Quarterly, Volume 1 Issue 4

Saturday, April 07, 2018

In Memoriam: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela


(By Graca Machel) - Last Letter to 'Big Sister' Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 


My Big Sister,

It is with a heavy heart that I address you today. As I struggle to accept your transition, I take solace in the fact that you have risen to become one of the brightest stars in the sky where you will remain ever present and radiantly shining. You will continue to serve as a guide to your loving family, your grateful nation, our beloved Africa, and indeed, the world.

The extraordinary life you led is an example of resilient fortitude and inextinguishable passion that is a source of inspiration to us all of how to courageously confront challenges with unwavering strength and determination. Thank you for your brilliant wisdom, your fierce defiance, and your stylish beauty.

Fortunately, stars shine brightest during the darkest of hours. I know you will continue to illuminate our sky, even through the storms and clouds. Your legacy will be an uplifting beacon from which we can continue to draw guidance and strength during difficult times.

Journalists and Making of Nollywood Stars


Toni Kan

(By Toni Kan) - Celebrating Nigerian Entertainment Icons: A Tribute 
“That night the King could not sleep: so he ordered the book of the chronicles, the record of his reign, to be brought in and read to him.” Esther 6: 1 (NIV)
In ancient times, before Martin Luther and Gothenburg, there existed a select group of individuals whose duties were to record, dutifully and in painstaking detail, significant events that were taking place.
Their writings were called Chronicles or Annals.
Those men were called Scribes and they were an essential part of a King’s court. In today’s world, a Scribe would approximate to a personal lawyer who would prepare a man’s last will and testament or a Confidential Secretary who is privy to all that concerns his principal.
But above all, in the more democratic times that we live in, the modern day Scribe is the journalist, the man or woman who through his writings, records (almost always in a hurry) for posterity, the doings of the people.

Tuesday, April 03, 2018

The Death of an Industry


(By Jason 'Igwe' Njoku) - The Death of an Industry 

In July 2011, as part of our series A due diligence, Tiger Global had McKinsey & Co conduct a study of Nollywood. The remit was:

1. Nollywood content popularity across Africa

2. Nollywood Industry Structure and Dynamics
- market size, growth, concentration and key trends
- content creator economics

3. Internet, broadband, payments and advertising trends across Africa.

They spoke with over a thousand people in Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa.

Over the weekend, I re-read elements of the study, just to refresh my memory on all that had happened over the last 4.5 years. Let me go ahead and share some of those slides with you.

Sexism, Diapers, and Making it Work in Lagos

Adibeli Nduka-Agwu

(By Adibeli Nduka-Agwu) - Sexism, Diapers and Making it Work in Lagos 

It was my first week in Lagos, squeezing in a workout at the hotel gym, when a pudgy business man I had met earlier entered and started staring. Somewhat irritated I asked: “Sorry, can I help you?” He leaned closer and beamed: “It’s ok… I just enjoy watching you sweat.” My workout was over, my work life had begun.

I left the West three years ago to work across Lagos, Johannesburg and Nairobi expanding iROKOtv.com, “The Netflix of Africa”. I’ve had male counterparts refuse to speak to me (one physically closed his eyes until my male subordinate spoke); I was asked by a male client in a packed meeting room if he could sit on my lap, and the number of business men that hoped they could conclude our deal in their hotel room is endless. Sexism has followed me to Lagos like a virus: unwanted yet unshakable. Yet (and this may surprise some), I would argue that being a woman in Lagos has felt like LESS of a career barrier for me in my work compared to my time in North America or Europe.